Discover how a dog’s nose works from the inside out in this expert article by Dr. Athena Gaffud, DVM. Learn about the parts and functions of a dog’s nose, including the olfactory system, nasal airflow, and scent detection mechanisms. Originally written for Honest Paws, this piece showcases Dr. Gaffud’s veterinary writing expertise.

Melanomas in dogs include skin, oral, nail, or ocular tumors of pigment cells that may be benign or malignant. Dr. Athena Gaffud explains how they arise, typical signs (e.g. pigmented bumps, bleeding gums, nail lesions), how veterinarians use biopsy and imaging for diagnosis, and treatment strategies—from surgical removal to radiation, immunotherapy, or palliative care—tailored to location, malignancy risk, and metastasis.

Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs is a life-threatening autoimmune disease that causes platelet destruction and spontaneous bleeding. Dr. Athena Gaffud, DVM, explains the underlying causes, symptoms such as bruising, nosebleeds, and lethargy, and the essential diagnostic and treatment steps veterinarians use to manage ITP and support recovery.

Cheyletiellosis (walking dandruff) is a mite-caused skin condition in dogs characterized by flaking, itching, and contagious spread via contact and environments. Dr. Gaffud outlines how veterinarians diagnose using skin scrapings or tape tests, and covers treatment options including medicated shampoos, systemic therapies, and strict environmental control to prevent reinfestation.