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Liver Disease in Dogs: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Risks, and Holistic Care

Writer's picture: Dr. GaffudDr. Gaffud

A Labrador Retriever dog lying on a pile of leaves

Liver disease in dogs is a prevalent and often serious health issue that significantly affects a dog's overall well-being. The liver is a vital organ that performs numerous essential functions, from detoxification to digestion, and any impairment leads to severe health complications. 


Understanding the types, causes, symptoms, risks, and holistic care options for liver disease in dogs is crucial for pet owners to provide the best possible care for their furry friends. 


Topics:


What is Liver Disease in Dogs?

A pair of Labrador Retrievers sitting outdoors

Liver disease in dogs refers to any condition that affects the liver's ability to function properly. When the liver is damaged or diseased, the vital functions are compromised, leading to a variety of health issues.


How Does the Liver Function?


The liver is located in the upper right side of the abdomen and plays a crucial role in maintaining a dog’s overall health. It filters toxins from the blood, aids in digestion by producing bile, stores nutrients, and regulates chemical levels in the blood.


It also metabolizes drugs and breaks down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Given its central role in detoxification and metabolism, the liver is essential for a dog's digestive system and overall health.


What Are the Main Causes of Liver Disease in Dogs?

A Doberman Pinscher dog sitting on a grassland

Liver disease in dogs is caused by a variety of factors, including infections, toxins, poor diet, medications, and genetics. Common toxins that lead to liver damage include certain chemicals, plants, and medications.


Chronic inflammation, infections like leptospirosis, and other diseases also contribute to liver disease.


At What Dog Age Do Signs of Liver Disease Typically Show?


Liver disease in dogs manifests at any age, but senior dogs are more likely to develop liver problems. Aging is associated with a gradual decline in liver function, making older dogs more susceptible to liver disease symptoms and conditions.


However, liver disease also affect young dogs, especially if it is related to genetics or exposure to toxins.


Do Genetic Factors Contribute to Liver Disease in Dogs?


Yes, genetic predisposition plays a role in some types of liver disease in dogs. Conditions like Copper Storage Disease are hereditary and particularly prevalent in certain breeds. These genetic factors lead to abnormal liver function or structural liver problems, increasing the risk of liver disease.


What Dog Breeds Are More Prone to Liver Disease?


Certain dog breeds are more predisposed to liver disease due to genetic factors. Breeds like the Labrador Retriever, Doberman Pinscher, West Highland White Terrier, and Cocker Spaniel are known to have a higher risk of developing liver conditions.


“Breed predispositions for canine hepatopathies include congenital portosystemic shunts, microvascular dysplasia, portal vein hypoplasia, ductal plate abnormalities, chronic hepatitis, vacuolar hepatopathies, and gallbladder mucocele,” (Watson, P., 2017).


What Are the Different Types of Canine Liver Disease?

A Doberman Pinscher dog sitting outdoors


Some types of liver diseases that affect dogs are listed below.


  • Chronic Hepatitis: Long-term inflammation of the liver that leads to liver failure.

  • Cirrhosis: Severe liver scarring that impairs liver function.

  • Copper Storage Disease: An inherited condition causing copper accumulation in the liver.

  • Hepatic Lipidosis: Fat accumulation in the liver, often due to obesity or poor diet.

  • Liver Cancer: Tumors in the liver that are either benign or malignant.

  • Infectious Hepatitis: Caused by viral infections like canine hepatitis.


What Are the Common Signs and Symptoms of Liver Disease in Dogs?

A West Highland White Terrier dog staring at something

Some common signs of liver disease in dogs are listed below.


  • Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes, gums, or skin)

  • Lethargy

  • Vomiting

  • Diarrhea

  • Loss of appetite

  • Abdominal swelling 


These symptoms are often accompanied by increased thirst and urination, dark urine, pale gums, and unexplained weight loss.


In severe cases, some dogs exhibit neurological symptoms such as seizures or disorientation, indicating possible liver failure.


How Is Liver Disease Diagnosed in Dogs?

A Cocker Spaniel dog being checked by a veterinarian

Diagnosing liver disease in dogs typically involves a combination of physical examinations, blood tests, imaging (like ultrasound), and sometimes liver biopsies.


Blood tests reveal elevated liver enzymes in dogs, which is a common indicator of liver problems. Imaging helps to assess the liver's size, shape, and texture, while biopsies provide definitive information about the type and extent of liver disease.


How is Canine Liver Disease Treated?

A West Highland White Terrier dog resting on a pillow


Treatment for liver disease in dogs depends on the type and severity of the condition. Common treatments include dietary changes, medications to manage symptoms and reduce liver workload, and in some cases, surgery.


Liver-supportive diets that are low in protein and copper help manage the disease. Medications like antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and supplements (such as SAM-e or milk thistle) are also prescribed.


Are Canine Liver Diseases Reversible or Curable?


The potential to reverse or cure liver disease in dogs depends on the cause and stage of the disease. Some liver conditions, like infections or toxin exposure, are reversed if caught early and treated promptly.


However, chronic conditions like cirrhosis are not reversible but are managed to slow progression and improve quality of life.


What Is the Prognosis for a Dog Diagnosed with Liver Disease?


The prognosis for dogs diagnosed with liver disease varies depending on the type, cause, and severity of the condition. Early diagnosis and treatment improve the chances of managing the disease effectively.


However, in advanced cases, especially those involving liver failure, the prognosis is poor.


How To Prevent Canine Liver Disease?


Preventing liver disease in dogs involves regular veterinary care, a balanced diet, avoiding exposure to toxins, and maintaining a healthy weight. Vaccinations and parasite prevention are also important to protect the liver from infectious diseases.

Regular blood tests help catch liver issues early, allowing for timely intervention.


By understanding liver disease in dogs and taking a proactive approach to their care, pet owners help manage the condition and ensure their furry companions live as healthy and happy a life as possible.


Holistic Management of Canine Liver Diseases

A Cocker Spaniel dog sitting on a grassland

Holistic management of canine liver diseases focuses on addressing the root causes of liver dysfunction while supporting the liver’s ability to detoxify and regenerate. 


This approach combines natural therapies, dietary changes, herbal remedies, and conventional veterinary treatments to promote liver health and manage symptoms.

 

  • Nutritional Support and Dietary Management: Diet plays a crucial role in supporting liver function. Nutritional changes should aim to reduce the workload on the liver while providing essential nutrients that promote liver healing.

  • Supplements: Nutrients like vitamin E, zinc, B vitamins, and omega-3 fatty acids support liver function. SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine) and milk thistle (silymarin) are commonly used to help protect the liver and encourage regeneration.

  • Herbal and Natural Remedies: Herbs and supplements are often used in holistic liver disease management. Some of the most commonly used include Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum), Dandelion Root (Taraxacum officinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), and SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine)

  • Acupuncture: This traditional Chinese medicine technique stimulates specific points in the body to improve liver function, promote circulation, and support detoxification. It also helps reduce inflammation and pain, which is beneficial for dogs with liver disease.

  • Acupressure: Similar to acupuncture but without needles, acupressure involves applying pressure to specific points to promote healing and improve liver health.

  • Hydration: Ensure a dog is adequately hydrated to support kidney function and flush out toxins from the body. This is particularly important when the liver is compromised, as it struggles with detoxification.

  • Activated Charcoal: In some cases, activated charcoal is used to help absorb toxins from the digestive system and reduce the liver's detox burden.

  • Limit Toxin Exposure: Avoid unnecessary vaccinations, flea/tick treatments, or harsh chemicals that burden the liver. Opt for natural alternatives whenever possible.

  • Regular Exercise: Moderate, consistent exercise helps improve overall health and circulation, which benefits liver function.

  • Medications: Some dogs require medications such as antibiotics (for bacterial infections), corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation), or specific drugs to reduce bile production in cases of cholestasis.

  • Liver Biopsy: In more severe cases, veterinarians recommend a biopsy to identify the underlying cause of liver disease (e.g., copper storage disease, cirrhosis) and develop a targeted treatment plan.

  • Probiotics: These beneficial bacteria reduce intestinal inflammation, improve digestion, and limit the production of toxins in the gut, lowering the burden on the liver.

  • Regular Monitoring and Bloodwork: Holistic management should involve regular vet check-ups and monitoring of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), bile acids, and overall health.


Frequently Asked Questions

A Cocker Spaniel  dog sitting on a grassland

Do Liver Diseases Weaken a Dog's Immune System?

Yes, liver disease weakens a dog's immune system. The liver plays a role in filtering toxins and pathogens from the blood, so when it is not functioning properly, a dog’s ability to fend off infections and diseases is compromised. This weakened state makes dogs with liver disease more susceptible to infections and other health problems.


Are Liver Diseases Detected Early in Dogs?

Early detection of liver disease in dogs is challenging but possible with regular veterinary check-ups and blood work. Elevated liver enzymes in dogs are an early sign of liver issues, even before symptoms become apparent. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective management and treatment of liver disease.


Is It Safe To Use CBD Oil To Treat Symptoms of Liver Disease in Dogs?

CBD oil is sometimes used as a complementary treatment for managing symptoms of liver disease in dogs, such as pain and inflammation. While some studies suggest it is beneficial, it is crucial to consult a veterinarian before using CBD oil, as it interacts with medications and is unsuitable for all dogs.


Do Infections Lead to Canine Liver Disease?

Yes, infections lead to liver disease in dogs. Bacterial infections such as leptospirosis or viral infections like canine hepatitis directly affect the liver and cause significant damage. Parasitic infections also compromise liver function, leading to acute or chronic liver disease.


What Are the Potential Complications of Canine Liver Diseases?

Complications of liver disease in dogs include liver failure, bleeding disorders, hepatic encephalopathy (a brain condition caused by liver dysfunction), and an increased risk of digestive problems. Liver failure in dogs is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate veterinary attention.


Do Liver Disease in Dogs Lead to an Increased Risk of Digestive Problems?

Yes, liver disease leads to digestive problems in dogs. The liver plays a key role in digestion, and any impairment disrupts the digestive process, leading to symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and malabsorption of nutrients.


How Does Liver Disease Affect a Dog's Quality of Life?

Liver disease significantly impacts a dog's quality of life, causing discomfort, pain, and a range of symptoms that affect daily activities. However, with appropriate treatment and management, many dogs lead a comfortable life despite their liver issues. Holistic care, including dietary adjustments and natural supplements, also enhances a dog’s quality of life by supporting liver function and overall health.



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